EDITORIAL ANALYSIS OPINION
The New Geometry of Critical Minerals: From Monopolies to Minilateral Cartels
A comprehensive assessment of bilateral processing alliances and deep-sea sovereign mineral regimes.
For nearly three decades, global industrial supply chains operated under the implicit assumption that geographic concentration in mineral refining was an acceptable price to pay for ultra-low unit costs. That economic consensus is now irrevocably dismantled. The emerging geopolitical architecture is characterized not by broad multilateral institutions, but by specialized minilateral processing pacts.